表面活性劑在日常生活中的應用
1. 表面活性劑的分類
表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)的分(fen)類(lei)(lei)方法有很多種,根據表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)的來源進行分(fen)類(lei)(lei),通(tong)常把表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)分(fen)為合成表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)、天(tian)然表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)和生(sheng)物表面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)三大類(lei)(lei)。
按親水基生(sheng)成的離(li)(li)子(zi)類型(xing)可將表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分為(wei)陰離(li)(li)子(zi)型(xing)、陽離(li)(li)子(zi)型(xing)、兩性(xing)(xing)(xing)離(li)(li)子(zi)型(xing) 和(he)非離(li)(li)子(zi)型(xing)四大 類。通(tong)常使用(yong)的表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji),其(qi)憎(zeng)水基是碳(tan)氫(qing)烴基,分子(zi)中(zhong)還可能含(han)有氧、氮、硫、氯、溴和(he)碘等(deng)(deng)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su),稱為(wei)碳(tan)氫(qing)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)或普通(tong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)。含(han)有氟(fu)、硅(gui)、磷(lin)和(he)硼等(deng)(deng)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)的表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)則稱為(wei)特(te)(te)種表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)。由于氟(fu)、硅(gui)、磷(lin)和(he)硼等(deng)(deng)元(yuan)(yuan)素(su)的引(yin)入而賦予表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)更獨(du)特(te)(te)、優異的性(xing)(xing)(xing)能。含(han)氟(fu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)是特(te)(te)種表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)中(zhong)最重要的品種之(zhi)一。
2.表面活性(xing)劑的主(zhu)要(yao)作用
(1)乳化作用(yong):由(you)于油(you)脂(zhi)在水(shui)(shui)中表面張力大,當(dang)水(shui)(shui)中滴入(ru)(ru)油(you)脂(zhi)后(hou),用(yong)力攪(jiao)拌(ban),油(you)脂(zhi)被粉(fen)碎成(cheng)細珠狀(zhuang),互相混合成(cheng)乳濁液,但(dan)攪(jiao)拌(ban)停止又重新(xin)分層。如果加入(ru)(ru)表面活性(xing)劑(ji),用(yong)力攪(jiao)拌(ban),停止后(hou)很(hen)(hen)長時間內卻不易分層,這就是(shi)乳化作用(yong)。其原(yuan)因是(shi)油(you)脂(zhi)的(de)(de)疏水(shui)(shui)性(xing)被活性(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)親水(shui)(shui)基團所包圍(wei),形成(cheng)定(ding)向的(de)(de)吸引力,降低了油(you)在水(shui)(shui)中分散所需(xu)要的(de)(de)功,使油(you)脂(zhi)得(de)到很(hen)(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)乳化。
(2)潤濕作(zuo)用:零(ling)件(jian)表(biao)面上往往粘附有一層蠟、油脂(zhi)或鱗片狀的(de)物質,這些物質是疏水性的(de)。由于這些物質的(de)污(wu)染,零(ling)件(jian)表(biao)面不易被水潤濕,當(dang)水溶液中加入表(biao)面活性劑時,零(ling)件(jian)上的(de)水珠就很(hen)容(rong)易分散開來,使(shi)零(ling)件(jian)的(de)表(biao)面張力大(da)大(da)降低,達到潤濕目的(de)。
(3)增(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)作(zuo)(zuo)用:油(you)類(lei)物(wu)質中加入表面活性劑(ji)后(hou),才能(neng)“溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)”,但是(shi)這種溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)只有在表面活性劑(ji)的(de)濃度(du)(du)達到膠體的(de)臨界濃度(du)(du)時才能(neng)發生,溶(rong)(rong)(rong)解(jie)度(du)(du)的(de)大小(xiao)根據增(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)對(dui)象和(he)(he)性質來(lai)決定(ding)。就增(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)作(zuo)(zuo)用而言(yan),長的(de)疏(shu)水基因烴(jing)(jing)鏈要比短烴(jing)(jing)鏈強,飽(bao)和(he)(he)烴(jing)(jing)鏈比不飽(bao)和(he)(he)烴(jing)(jing)鏈強,非離子表面活性劑(ji)增(zeng)(zeng)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)作(zuo)(zuo)用一般比較顯著。
(4)分散(san)作用(yong):灰塵和污粒等固體粒子(zi)比較容易聚(ju)集(ji)在(zai)一起,在(zai)水中容易發生沉降(jiang),表面活性劑的(de)分子(zi)能(neng)使(shi)(shi)固體粒子(zi)聚(ju)集(ji)體分割成細(xi)小的(de)微(wei)粒,使(shi)(shi)其分散(san)懸浮在(zai)溶液(ye)中,起到促使(shi)(shi)固體粒子(zi)均勻分散(san)的(de)作用(yong)。
(5)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)作用(yong):泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)的形(xing)成主要是(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的定(ding)向吸(xi)附作用(yong),是(shi)氣(qi)液兩相間的表(biao)面張(zhang)力(li)降低(di)(di)所致(zhi)。一(yi)般低(di)(di)分子(zi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)容易(yi)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao),高(gao)分子(zi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)少,豆蔻酸黃發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)性(xing)(xing)最高(gao),硬脂(zhi)酸鈉(na)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)性(xing)(xing)最差,陰離(li)子(zi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)性(xing)(xing)和(he)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)比非離(li)子(zi)型好,如(ru)烷基(ji)苯磺酸鈉(na)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)性(xing)(xing)很強(qiang)。通常使用(yong)的泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)穩(wen)定(ding)劑(ji)有脂(zhi)肪(fang)醇酰胺、羧基(ji)甲基(ji)纖維素等,泡(pao)(pao)(pao)沫(mo)抑制(zhi)劑(ji)有脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸、脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸酯、聚醚等及(ji)其它非離(li)子(zi)表(biao)面活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)。
3 表(biao)面活性劑的應用
表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)的應用(yong)(yong)(yong)可分為民用(yong)(yong)(yong)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。據(ju)資料顯示:民用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)中有2/3 用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)個人保護(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin);合成(cheng)洗(xi)滌劑(ji)是(shi)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)消費最大的市場之(zhi)一,產品(pin)包括(kuo)洗(xi)衣粉(fen)、液體(ti)洗(xi)滌劑(ji)、餐具洗(xi)滌劑(ji)和各種家庭用(yong)(yong)(yong)清(qing)洗(xi)產品(pin)及(ji)個人保護(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)品(pin)如:洗(xi)發(fa)香波、護(hu)發(fa)素(su)、發(fa)乳、發(fa)膠(jiao)脂、潤膚乳液、爽(shuang)膚液和洗(xi)面(mian)奶等(deng)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)是(shi)民用(yong)(yong)(yong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)以(yi)外用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)各工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)領域(yu)的表(biao)(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)總(zong)和,其應用(yong)(yong)(yong)領域(yu)包括(kuo)紡織(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye),金(jin)屬工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye),涂料、油(you)漆(qi)、顏料工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye),塑(su)料樹脂工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye),食(shi)品(pin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye),造紙(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye),皮革工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye),石油(you)開采,建材工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye),采礦(kuang)業(ye)(ye),能源工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)等(deng)。以(yi)下就幾個方面(mian)進行敘述。
3.1.1表面活性劑在化妝(zhuang)品(pin)中的應(ying)用
表(biao)面活性劑(ji)(ji)廣泛(fan)用于(yu)各類(lei)化(hua)妝(zhuang)品中(zhong)作乳化(hua)劑(ji)(ji)、滲(shen)透劑(ji)(ji)、洗滌劑(ji)(ji)、柔軟(ruan)劑(ji)(ji)、潤(run)濕劑(ji)(ji)、殺菌劑(ji)(ji)、分(fen)散劑(ji)(ji)、增溶劑(ji)(ji)、抗靜(jing)電(dian)劑(ji)(ji)、染發(fa)劑(ji)(ji)等。非離(li)子表(biao)面活性劑(ji)(ji)由于(yu)不刺激且(qie)和其他組分(fen)易(yi)相容,在(zai)化(hua)妝(zhuang)品中(zhong)最常用,一(yi)般多(duo)為一(yi)些脂肪酸酯(zhi)類(lei)和聚醚。
3.1.2化妝品對(dui)表(biao)面活性劑的(de)要求(qiu)
化妝(zhuang)品配方的(de)(de)(de)組成是(shi)多樣的(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)復雜的(de)(de)(de),除(chu)油、水(shui)原料外(wai),還有各(ge)種功能表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑、防腐劑、香(xiang)精和(he)(he)色素等,屬多相分散體系(xi)。隨著化妝(zhuang)品劑型和(he)(he)功能要求越(yue)來越(yue)多,化妝(zhuang)品中使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑品種也(ye)在增加。化妝(zhuang)品中使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑應對皮(pi)膚無(wu)刺激、無(wu)毒副作用,另外(wai)還要滿足(zu)無(wu)色、無(wu)不愉(yu)快氣味和(he)(he)穩定性(xing)高等要求。
3.2表面活性劑在洗滌劑中的應(ying)用
表(biao)(biao)面活性劑(ji)具有高效的(de)(de)清潔及(ji)消毒功(gong)能,早已成(cheng)為保潔產品中(zhong)最(zui)(zui)重要的(de)(de)組成(cheng)部分。表(biao)(biao)面活性劑(ji)是(shi)洗(xi)滌劑(ji)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要成(cheng)分,它(ta)與(yu)污垢和(he)(he)在污垢與(yu)固(gu)體表(biao)(biao)面之(zhi)間發生一系列的(de)(de)物理化(hua)學作用(yong)(如:潤(run)濕、滲透、乳化(hua)、增溶、分散、起泡等(deng))并借助于機械(xie)攪拌獲得洗(xi)滌效果。用(yong)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)多、最(zui)(zui)廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)是(shi)陰(yin)離(li)子和(he)(he)非離(li)子表(biao)(biao)面活性劑(ji),陽離(li)子和(he)(he)兩性表(biao)(biao)面活性劑(ji)只是(shi)在生產某些特殊(shu)類(lei)型和(he)(he)功(gong)能的(de)(de)洗(xi)滌劑(ji)時才(cai)使用(yong)。主(zhu)要品種有LAS(指連烷(wan)基(ji)苯(ben)磺(huang)酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan))、AES(脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)醇聚氧(yang)(yang)乙烯醚硫酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan))、MES(α - 磺(huang)酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)酸(suan)(suan)脂(zhi)(zhi)鹽(yan))、AOS(α-烯基(ji)磺(huang)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan))、烷(wan)基(ji)聚氧(yang)(yang)乙烯醚、烷(wan)基(ji)酚聚氧(yang)(yang)乙烯醚、脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)酰二乙醇胺、胺基(ji)酸(suan)(suan)型、甜菜堿型等(deng)。
3.3表(biao)面活(huo)性劑在食品工業的應用
3.3.1食(shi)品乳(ru)化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)稠劑(ji)(ji)(ji) 表面(mian)活性劑(ji)(ji)(ji)在食(shi)品工(gong)業中(zhong)最主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)是作(zuo)乳(ru)化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)稠劑(ji)(ji)(ji)用(yong)。磷(lin)脂(zhi)(zhi)是最常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)乳(ru)化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)穩定(ding)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)。除磷(lin)脂(zhi)(zhi)外(wai),常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)乳(ru)化劑(ji)(ji)(ji)還有脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)(fang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)甘油酯(zhi)(zhi)S主(zhu)(zhu)要為單(dan)甘油脂(zhi)(zhi)T、脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)(fang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)蔗糖酯(zhi)(zhi)、脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)(fang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)山梨糖醇(chun)酐酯(zhi)(zhi)、脂(zhi)(zhi)肪(fang)(fang)(fang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)丙二(er)醇(chun)酯(zhi)(zhi)、大豆磷(lin)脂(zhi)(zhi)、阿(a)拉伯樹膠(jiao)、海藻酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、酪(lao)蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉、明膠(jiao)和(he)(he)蛋(dan)(dan)黃(huang)等(deng)。增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)稠劑(ji)(ji)(ji)則分天然和(he)(he)化學合成兩類(lei)。天然增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)稠劑(ji)(ji)(ji)有從植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)海藻類(lei)制取(qu)的(de)(de)淀(dian)粉、阿(a)拉伯樹膠(jiao)、瓜爾(er)豆膠(jiao)、角叉菜膠(jiao)、果膠(jiao)、瓊脂(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)海藻酸(suan)(suan)(suan)等(deng)。還有從含蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)質的(de)(de)動植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)制取(qu)的(de)(de)明膠(jiao)、酪(lao)蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)和(he)(he)酪(lao)蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉等(deng)。以及從微生物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)制取(qu)的(de)(de)黃(huang)原膠(jiao)等(deng)。合成增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)稠劑(ji)(ji)(ji)最為常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)有羧甲基纖(xian)維素鈉:@:、丙二(er)醇(chun)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)藻蛋(dan)(dan)白(bai)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)酯(zhi)(zhi)、纖(xian)維素乙醇(chun)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)和(he)(he)聚(ju)丙烯(xi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉、淀(dian)粉乙醇(chun)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉、淀(dian)粉磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉、甲基纖(xian)維素和(he)(he)聚(ju)丙烯(xi)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈉等(deng)。
3.3.2食品(pin)保鮮(xian)劑 鼠李糖酯(zhi)具有(you)一定(ding)的抗菌、抗病毒(du)和抗支原體的性(xing)能,蔗糖酯(zhi)也(ye)對微生(sheng)物,尤其是對形成孢子的革蘭氏陽性(xing)菌抑制作用較(jiao)大(da)。
3.3.3食品(pin)分(fen)散(san)劑、起(qi)(qi)泡劑等 表(biao)面(mian)活性劑在(zai)(zai)食品(pin)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)除作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)乳(ru)(ru)化(hua)劑、增稠(chou)劑外,還(huan)可(ke)以(yi)起(qi)(qi)分(fen)散(san)劑、潤濕(shi)劑、起(qi)(qi)泡劑、消(xiao)泡劑、結晶控(kong)制(zhi)劑、殺(sha)菌以(yi)及延(yan)長(chang)食品(pin)保鮮(xian)期的作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用等。例如(ru)全脂(zhi)奶粉(fen)造(zao)粒時添加0.2-0.3%的大豆磷(lin)脂(zhi),可(ke)改進其親(qin)水性和分(fen)散(san)性,沖調時能迅速溶(rong)解而不結團。在(zai)(zai)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)糕(gao)點和冰淇淋時,添加甘(gan)油脂(zhi)肪酸、蔗糖脂(zhi)可(ke)起(qi)(qi)發泡作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用,有利于(yu)大量氣泡的產生,而在(zai)(zai)煉乳(ru)(ru)和豆制(zhi)品(pin)制(zhi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong),添加甘(gan)油脂(zhi)肪酸脂(zhi)有消(xiao)泡作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用。
3.3.4在色素、香味(wei)成分(fen)、生物活性成分(fen)以及發酵產品的提取分(fen)離中的應(ying)用
近(jin)年來,表(biao)面活性劑在(zai)食(shi)品中的天然成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)如色素、香味成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)、生物(wu)活性成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)以及發酵產品的提取分(fen)(fen)離中的也有廣(guang)泛(fan)的應用。
3.4表面(mian)活性劑在醫藥(yao)領(ling)域的應(ying)用
表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)具有(you)潤濕、乳化(hua)、增(zeng)溶(rong)等作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),因而被(bei)廣(guang)泛的用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)藥物制劑(ji)(ji)輔(fu)料,尤(you)其是在(zai)近年(nian)來(lai)發(fa)展起來(lai)的藥學微乳技術(shu)中(zhong)有(you)著越來(lai)越廣(guang)泛的應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)藥物合成中(zhong),表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)相(xiang)(xiang)轉移催化(hua)劑(ji)(ji),能(neng)(neng)改變(bian)離(li)子(zi)的溶(rong)劑(ji)(ji)化(hua)程度,進(jin)而增(zeng)大(da)離(li)子(zi)的反(fan)應活(huo)(huo)性,使(shi)反(fan)應在(zai)非均相(xiang)(xiang)體系中(zhong)進(jin)行(xing),反(fan)應效率得到極大(da)的提高,藥物分析中(zhong)尤(you)其是藥物熒光光譜分析法中(zhong)表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)常作(zuo)(zuo)為增(zeng)溶(rong)增(zeng)敏劑(ji)(ji)得到應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)醫(yi)藥行(xing)業的手(shou)術(shu)前(qian)皮膚消(xiao)毒(du)、傷口(kou)或(huo)粘膜(mo)(mo)消(xiao)毒(du)、器械消(xiao)毒(du)和(he)環境消(xiao)毒(du)等方面(mian),由于表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)(huo)性劑(ji)(ji)可(ke)與細菌生(sheng)物膜(mo)(mo)蛋白質強烈相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),使(shi)之變(bian)性或(huo)失(shi)去功(gong)能(neng)(neng),而作(zuo)(zuo)為殺菌劑(ji)(ji)和(he)消(xiao)毒(du)劑(ji)(ji)被(bei)廣(guang)泛使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。
4.表面活性劑的(de)發展趨勢
表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)的發展(zhan)方向(xiang)將表(biao)現在以(yi)下方面(mian):①回歸天然;②代替有害化學品;③室溫下洗滌使用(yong)(yong)(yong);④不用(yong)(yong)(yong)助(zhu)劑(ji)(ji)可在硬水中(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong);⑤能有效(xiao)(xiao)處理(li)廢(fei)(fei)液(ye)廢(fei)(fei)水、粉塵等的環保型表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji);⑥能有效(xiao)(xiao)提高礦物、燃料、生產利用(yong)(yong)(yong)率的表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji);⑦多功(gong)能表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji);⑧以(yi)生物工程為基礎(chu),利用(yong)(yong)(yong)工業(ye)或城市廢(fei)(fei)棄物制備的表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji);⑨用(yong)(yong)(yong)復配技術產生協合效(xiao)(xiao)應的高效(xiao)(xiao)表(biao)面(mian)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)(ji)。
文章來源【表(biao)面(mian)活性(xing)劑網】